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英超联赛＂劫富济贫＂机制带来的高度繁荣
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[发布时间]
2019年12月25日 13:58:49
[新闻来源]
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英超联赛"劫富济贫"机制带来的高度繁荣
现代市场经济的规律之一是：奖励胜者/幸存者。然而职业足球是这样的吗？让我们挑选世界上商业化程度最高的职业联赛-英格兰足球超级联赛为例，并从3个层面剖析此问题。Rewarding winners or survivals drive market economy. Does this law apply to pro soccer? Let's check first the most commercialized soccer league in the world, EPL, from 3 different corners.
1. 在英超，冠军能拿走一切？Among EPL clubs, do winners take all?
不是这样。以2018-2019赛季英超冠军曼城为例，其从联盟的媒体版权和商业权的所有收入中只得到可怜的6%。No. The 2018-19 Champions, Man City only receives 6% total distributed revenues (broadcasting and commercial) from EPL.
哈德斯菲尔德镇足球俱乐部（简称：哈镇）。已经有110年的历史，但全镇只有16万人口。该赛季哈镇第一次踢英超，38场比赛仅得到16分，以联赛最后一名降级。但其可分得英超的媒体版权和商业权的所有收入的4%，只比冠军曼城少三分之一。（见下面英超官方的2018-19各俱乐部从联盟分配资金表）Huddersfield Town FC, one 110 years club in a city of 160 k population, bottomed the 2018-19 season with 16 points out of 38 matches. It was relegated but received 4% of the total distributed revenues from EPL. (Re: the EPL distribution chart below).
这笔钱对曼城可能不算太多，但对哈镇而言，这可是已经占到俱乐部赛季收入75%！ 这种分配机制，或许在很大程度上导演了2015-2016赛季的莱斯特城的英超冠军神话，以及英超的繁荣发展。That piece of pies accounts for 75% of Huddersfield FC's 2018-19 revenue, according to the Guardian. The kind of distribution results in, significantly, to the unbelievable love story of Leicester City winning 2015-16 EPL and the popularity of EPL.
2. 俱乐部从英超降级后，还能分到英超的钱吗？Among those non-survivals, do they still receive EPL payments?
不仅有，而且很多，时间还长（4年）。本赛季，英超已经拿出2亿英镑支付给前4个赛季降级的8个俱乐部。Yes. It is called parachute payment of annual 0.2 billion pounds to the 8 relegated clubs in the last 4 seasons.
3. 低级别的联赛能从英超分钱吗？Between EPL and lower divisions, is any re-distribution?
2018年，英超给英甲、英乙、英丙、英丁、英戊、英己及以下级别的联赛共投入3.5亿英镑。（见下图）另外，他们从2000年开始，在英格兰和威尔士社区投资建立了747个人工草坪球场，而在2017-2018赛季利用英超的影响力开发的“英超人生技能”教育项目（不是教足球）已经扩展到1.5万所学校中。Indeed. EPL was robbed of 350 million pounds annually to Tier 2 to Tier 7 and below. (Re: the English Football Pyramid chart below). Further down, they spent huge money on community football pitches (747 were built in 18 years) and support 15k schools' education.
英超联盟和俱乐部“人傻钱多”？还是英格兰热爱其13-14世纪的劫富济贫的大侠罗宾汉？（封面图）我们不是十分确定。但我们知道其在150年职业足球的历史中得到很多教训，特别是：Why? Is it because English loves a legendary hero, called Robin Hood of its 13-14th century outlaw who robbed the rich for the poor and the needy? We are not sure about that. But we are confident of the profootball lessons learnt from their 150 years history as follows.
1) 俱乐部的投入，特别是球员的工资，决定成绩。The more revenue, the more spending on players' wages, the better the results.
2) 俱乐部间的球员水平决定其竞技水平。该水平越接近，比赛结果越具有不可预测性，联赛更有吸引力，就有更多收入来源。The less gap between the competing clubs of EPL, the more unpredictability of the competitions, and the more attractive of the league.
3) 联赛最弱的球队的水平决定联赛的水平。 The weakest team's quality determines the leagues' quality.
4) 由于英格兰足球是一个开放的、有升降级的金字塔，金字塔中的任何一家俱乐部都有可能变成英超俱乐部。Any team from the football pyramid may become an EPL club some day, thanks to the open promotion-and-relegation system.
5) 如果金字塔的每层不够强大，那么金字塔的塔尖（英超）也不可能闪耀。 No stronger foundation of the football pyramid, layer by layer, no shining peak of the football pyramids.
6) 英超的受欢迎程度、球员收入来源于社区、学校和各级别的业余和职业俱乐部的支持。 EPL's revenues, players and popularity come from those fans and clubs at lower-divisions, communities, and schools. To support them is to defend yourself.
其实欧洲各国联赛都有这样以顶层给金字塔的其他层次分钱的模式，只是程度不一样。您相信，在最资本主义的英格兰，其职业足球做到比其他欧洲联赛更加“均贫富”吗？但，这是事实。Beyond England, the entire European football follows this pattern, to some extent. But English stands as the most fair distribution model at the most capitalist country.
欧洲足球的联盟--欧足联，在2015-2018赛季将其金矿--欧冠联赛和欧盟杯收入的30%分配给非欧冠的欧洲各个俱乐部，包括不参加欧冠的国家和地区协会的联赛，也是同样的道理。（见欧冠分配下图） 。这是欧洲足球的本质特征之一，也是国际足联尊崇的原则之一。UEFA distributes 30% of the revenues generated from its golden mine UCL to the 2nd tier competitions UEL and other European clubs. (Re: the chart below). This is the European football model, which FIFA also stands for.
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